A new presentation technique is introduce to describe the neuronal circuitry involved in the control of the uropoëtic system and its control mechanisms during the micturition cycle. This method is based on the preparation of flow charts and is applied to the d…
Some of the most recent work investigating the cerebral mechanisms involved in bladder control has been very helpful in adding to our understanding of bladder dysfunction. The group behind this work, from London, presents a mini-review which will help to updat…
These results indicate that in the anesthetized rat activation of urethral afferents by urethral perfusion can modulate the micturition reflex. Thus in patients with stress urinary incontinence, leakage of urine into the proximal urethra may stimulate urethral…
During micturition, according to the concept of Blok, Holstege, and colleagues ([1997] Neurosci. Lett. 233:109-112), the pontine micturition center (PMC) elicits bladder contraction by way of direct excitation of the parasympathetic bladder motoneurons. At the…
Micturition is a spino-bulbo-spinal reflex. The bulbospinal part of this reflex is formed by the projections from the M-region, also called the pontine micturition center or Barrington's nucleus, to the preganglionic parasympathetic motoneurons in the sacral c…
1. Reflexes to sacral parasympathetic neurones were studied by electrophysiological techniques in decerebrate, in chloralose-anaesthetized, and in chronic spinal cats.2. Excitatory reflexes from pelvic nerve and sacral somatic afferent nerve fibres were presen…
With the continued aging of the population, the incidence of conditions associated with bladder control will continue to grow. In this article, we review the neurophysiology and pathophysiology of the bladder and urethra and discuss logical concepts for the de…
We have investigated with light and electron microscope immunocytochemistry the aminergic and peptidergic innervation of Onuf's nucleus in adult baboons. This nucleus, located in the ventrolateral part of the sacral spinal cord (S2 and S3), is considered to co…
The evidence-based statements are provided for diagnosis and overall management of OAB, as well as for the various treatments. Diagnosis and treatment methodologies can be expected to change as the evidence base grows and as new treatment strategies become obt…
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a powerful and disruptive area of computer science, with the potential to fundamentally transform the practice of medicine and the delivery of healthcare. In this review article, we outline recent breakthroughs in the applicatio…
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On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational…
Measurement error
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Artificial intelligence. Autonomous mental development by robots and animals
An international security conference explored how artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for drug discovery could be misused for de novo design of biochemical weapons. A thought experiment evolved into a computational proof.
In recent years, deep artificial neural networks (including recurrent ones) have won numerous contests in pattern recognition and machine learning. This historical survey compactly summarizes relevant work, much of it from the previous millennium. Shallow and…
Using commercial knowledge bases for clinical decision support: opportunities, hurdles, and recommendations