Viral capsids, built from repeating protein subunits called capsomeres, define the virus's overall shape and symmetry, crucial for protecting the genetic material and facilitating host interaction. The three primary types of viral symmetry are helical (rod-shaped or filamentous),…
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This book is a concise presentation of the normal distribution on the real line and its counterparts on more abstract spaces, which we shall call the Gaussian distributions. The material is selected towards presenting characteristic properties, or characterizations, of the normal…
Conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) and value-at-risk, also called the superquantile and quantile, are frequently used to characterize the tails of probability distributions and are popular measures of risk in applications where the distribution represents the magnitude of a potenti…
A normalized form of the cumulative normal distribution function giving the probability that a variate assumes a value in the range [0,x], Phi(x)=Q(x)=1/(sqrt(2pi))int_0^xe^(-t^2/2)dt. (1) It is related to the probability integral alpha(x)=1/(sqrt(2pi))int_(-x)^xe^(-t^2/2)dt (2)…
The distribution function D(x), also called the cumulative distribution function (CDF) or cumulative frequency function, describes the probability that a variate X takes on a value less than or equal to a number x. The distribution function is sometimes also denoted F(x) (Evans e…
React is the library for web and native user interfaces. Build user interfaces out of individual pieces called components written in JavaScript. React is designed to let you seamlessly combine components written by independent people, teams, and organizations.
Pretraining Large Language Models (LLMs) on large corpora of textual data is now a standard paradigm. When using these LLMs for many downstream applications, it is common to additionally bake in new knowledge (e.g., time-critical news, or private domain knowledge) into the pretra…
After 50 years, the fields of artificial intelligence and robotics capture the imagination of the general public while, at the same time, engendering a great deal of fear and skepticism. Isaac Asimov recognized this deep-seated misconception of technology and created the Three La…
If we are to build human-like robots that can interact naturally with people, our robots must know not only about the properties of objects but also the properties of animate agents in the world. One of the fundamental social skills for humans is the attribution of beliefs, goals…
This paper develops a critical theory of artificial intelligence, within a historical constellation where computational systems increasingly generate cultural content that destabilises traditional distinctions between human and machine production. Through this analysis, I introdu…
STAT is a global digital media brand that focuses on delivering fast, deep, and tough-minded journalism about the life sciences industries. STAT takes you inside academic labs, biotech boardrooms, and political backrooms, casting a critical eye on scientific discoveries, scrutini…
In celebration of its 25th anniversary, and with a new afterword by the author, a new edition of Pulitzer Prize finalist Eric Schlosser's New York Times bestselling exposé on how America's fast food industry has shaped the landscape of America and the world. Twenty-five years ago…
In celebration of its 25th anniversary, and with a new afterword by the author, a new edition of Pulitzer Prize finalist Eric Schlosser's New York Times bestselling exposé on how America's fast food industry has shaped the landscape of America and the world. Twenty-five years ago…
In celebration of its 25th anniversary, and with a new afterword by the author, a new edition of Pulitzer Prize finalist Eric Schlosser's New York Times bestselling exposé on how America's fast food industry has shaped the landscape of America and the world. Twenty-five years ago…
In celebration of its 25th anniversary, and with a new afterword by the author, a new edition of Pulitzer Prize finalist Eric Schlosser's New York Times bestselling exposé on how America's fast food industry has shaped the landscape of America and the world. Twenty-five years ago…
In celebration of its 25th anniversary, and with a new afterword by the author, a new edition of Pulitzer Prize finalist Eric Schlosser's New York Times bestselling exposé on how America's fast food industry has shaped the landscape of America and the world. Twenty-five years ago…
In celebration of its 25th anniversary, and with a new afterword by the author, a new edition of Pulitzer Prize finalist Eric Schlosser's New York Times bestselling exposé on how America's fast food industry has shaped the landscape of America and the world. Twenty-five years ago…